Vuba aha, amakuru yo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi mu ntara zitandukanye z'Ubushinwa yagaragaye kenshi, kandi imirasire y'izuba yavuzwe ku rutonde rwinshi rw’ibikoresho byihutirwa byo mu ngo, ku buryo ubucuruzi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba bwaganiriweho n'abantu benshi.
Ku ruhande rumwe, mu rwego rwo kutabogama kwa karubone no ku mpinga ya karubone, igiciro cyo kubyaza ingufu amakara cyazamutse, kandi n’uburyo bushya bw’ingufu zarazamutse;igiciro cyibikoresho bitanga amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba byakomeje kugabanuka, ibyo ntibishobora kwikorera gusa, ahubwo bigurishwa no mumashanyarazi kugirango babone amafaranga.Ntihariho umwanya uhagije wo guteza imbere ingufu zizuba murugo?
Ariko, igihe cyo kwishyura ni kirekire, inyungu ku ishoramari ni mike, kandi nta mpamvu yo gukuraho inkunga;ibidukikije byoherejwe bifite ibyo bisabwa, kandi kwishyiriraho igisenge biraruhije mugihe cyo kuvugurura no kuvugurura;kubungabunga no gusana buri gihe birakenewe, bizana amafaranga yinyongera.
Nko mu 1860, abahanga mu bya siyansi bamwe bemezaga ko ibicanwa biva mu kirere bitazaba ingume, kandi ibikoresho nk'ibikoresho bifotora bifotora hamwe n'izuba bitangira gukundwa;icyakora, kugeza na nubu, ingufu z'izuba ziracyafatwa nkingufu nshya ninganda nshya mukuzamuka.Inganda za Photovoltaque 2019 Inganda zamakuru mu mahugurwa ku isuzuma ry’iterambere mu gice cya mbere cy’umwaka hamwe n’ibiteganijwe mu gice cya kabiri cy’umwaka byerekanaga ko ingufu zituruka ku masoko y’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu nk’izuba zingana na 20% gusa by’ingufu zose ibisekuruza.
Urebye ku isoko mpuzamahanga, ubwoko bumwe ni abatuye ibihugu byuburengerazuba bugezweho nku Burayi, Amerika na Ositaraliya, bafasha cyane ingufu zizuba murugo kugirango bakemure amashanyarazi.Muri 2015, ubushobozi bwuzuye bwamashanyarazi yamashanyarazi kwisi bwarenze miliyoni 40 kilowatts.Amasoko nyamukuru ni Ubudage, Espagne, n'Ubuyapani., Ubutaliyani, muri bwo Ubudage bwonyine bwiyongereyeho miliyoni 7 za kilowat z'ubushobozi bwashyizweho mu 2015. Ubundi ni icyaro cyo mu cyaro cy'Ubushinwa, kikaba ari cyo cyibandwaho cyane mu gutanga amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba.Uturere twinshi two hagati n’iburengerazuba dufata inganda zifotora nkimwe mu ngamba zingenzi zo kurwanya ubukene.Ikintu gisanzwe cyiganjemo inyubako zumuryango umwe, kandi igisenge kiroroshye gusenya no guhindura.
Amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba n'inganda zitanga ingufu z'izuba ntibishobora guhuzwa neza.Kurugero, Afurika nu mugabane ufite urumuri rwizuba rwinshi kwisi, kandi ingufu zizuba ni nyinshi, ariko mubyukuri, Afrika yepfo gusa nicyo gihugu cyonyine gifite megawatt zirenga 50 zamashanyarazi.Californiya ifite amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba kurusha Afurika yose, kandi ingufu z'izuba zashyizweho zikubye kabiri ingufu za Nigeriya zose.Amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba mu Burayi ni agace gato ka Afurika, ariko hari ibikoresho byinshi bitanga ingufu z'izuba.
Imikorere yiyi polarisiyasi ituma uruganda rukora ingufu zizuba murugo rugaragaza imiterere "itavuga", yibanda cyane mukarere kateye imbere kandi kataratera imbere.
Turabizi ko amasoko y'abaguzi yo mumijyi no mumijyi akunze kugira "ingaruka zinjiza," "ingaruka zo kwerekana," "ingaruka zifatika," n "ingaruka ziterwa."Kubwibyo, imiterere ihamye yisoko ni "spindle" yiganjemo abaguzi bo hagati.
Ibi birerekana kandi ukuri kw'ibanze mu iterambere ry’inganda zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba: kugira ngo twihute mu iterambere ryihuse, ni ngombwa kwihutisha uburyo bwo kuva mu bwoko bwa “dumbbell” bugera ku “bwoko bwa spindle”, bwakira neza amasoko yo mu mijyi no mu mijyi, hanyuma urangize ibihe "polarisiyasi".
None, birashoboka gukwirakwiza imirasire y'izuba mumijyi?
Biragoye kumvisha umubare munini wabatuye mumijyi gushora amafaranga nyayo, abakozi nubutunzi kugirango bihindure gusa bashingiye kumarangamutima nko kwita kubidukikije.
Kubwibyo, ibihugu byinshi bizashyiraho ingamba zo gutera inkunga ningoboka mugihe dushyira mubikorwa ingamba zirambye zingufu.Kurugero, mu 2006, Kongere ya Californiya yatangije gahunda ya "California Solar Energy Initiative", yashyizeho umurongo wo gushyiraho amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba.
Politiki yonyine ntabwo ihagije.Abaguzi bo murugo hagati yisoko bakeneye gutsinda inzitizi eshatu kugirango bakoreshe ingufu zizuba.
Icya mbere: Ese uburyo bwubucuruzi bwumvikana?
Muri rusange abantu bemeza ko sisitemu yo kubyara amashanyarazi murugo "ishoramari rimwe, imyaka 25 igaruka", ni ishoramari ryigihe kirekire.
Turashobora kubara konte.Mubisanzwe, sisitemu yo kubyara amashanyarazi ya 1kW irashobora gukoreshwa kumurika murugo, televiziyo, na mudasobwa;sisitemu yo kubyara amashanyarazi ya 3kW irashobora guhaza amashanyarazi yumuryango wabantu 3, cyane cyane amashanyarazi mugikoni;5kW yamashanyarazi yamashanyarazi Sisitemu irashobora guhaza umuryango wabantu 5.
Abakoresha urugo bakunda guhitamo ubushobozi bwa 5kW, mubisanzwe bisaba ishoramari rya 40.000 kugeza 100.000.Muri 2017, kwishyiriraho rimwe rya 5KW amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba ku isosiyete izwi cyane mu Bushinwa byasabye amafaranga 40.000.Nyuma y'inkunga muri leta ya Arizona yo muri Amerika, amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba 5KW yatwara amadorari 10,000.Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe kuri banyiri amazu 2200 bwerekanye ko amafaranga yishoramari ari menshi kuburyo tutashobora gutekereza.
Byongeye kandi, binyuze muburyo bwo "kwifashisha, amashanyarazi arenze kumurongo" na "byuzuye kumurongo" kugirango ubone amashanyarazi, ukwezi kwishura akenshi bifata imyaka 5-7 mbere yuko byinjira mugihe cyunguka.
Kugeza ubu, inkunga zituruka ku mbaraga z’icyatsi mu bihugu bitandukanye muri rusange ziri hafi 20-30%, kandi Amerika izatanga 26% y’amafaranga yo kwishyiriraho amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba muri 2020. Igihe kinini n’ingoboka nini n’ingoboka bimaze guhagarikwa, inyungu ukwezi kuzakomeza kwagurwa.
Kubwibyo, niba abatuye mucyaro babuze inzira zishoramari zizewe kandi zizewe, birumvikana gushora amafaranga asigaye mumashanyarazi yumuriro.Nyamara, abatuye mumijyi bafite digitifike yo hejuru hamwe nibicuruzwa byimari na serivisi bikungahaye barashobora kumva ko ari uburyohe bwo kwishingikiriza kuriyi nyungu.
Igisubizo gifatika cyane ni ugushira icyuma gifotora hanze yidirishya kugirango gikemurwe byihutirwa bya mudasobwa zo murugo, terefone zigendanwa nibindi bikoresho.Ariko murubu buryo, umwanya uhari wamasoko angahe?
Icya kabiri: Ese kurinda igihe kirekire birahari?
Byumvikane ko, hashobora no kubaho abantu bafite ubushake bwo gushyigikira ingufu zicyatsi bidasubirwaho, cyangwa nubwo kugaruka ari bito ariko "amaguru yinzige nayo ni inyama", bafite ubushake bwo gushyira amashanyarazi akomoka kumirasire y'izuba mumazu yabo kugirango bamare inyota y'amashanyarazi. .Nibyo, dufite inkunga 10,000.Ariko, mbere yo guhitamo ibikoresho bijyanye, ugomba gutekereza neza kubikorwa byanyuma no kubungabunga.
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, bisaba imyaka irenga 5 kugirango amashanyarazi akomoka murugo akomeze igishoro / inyungu.Kubungabunga ibifotora bifotora, gusaza kwa bateri, hamwe no guhuza ibice bifitanye isano byose bizana gukenera igihe kirekire no kuyitunganya.Bizagira ingaruka kumikorere yingufu zoroheje no kugabanya ingufu zamashanyarazi.
Muri Ositaraliya n'ahandi, kubaka amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba byatangiye mu myaka 30 ishize, kandi hashyizweho uburyo bwo gutanga isoko no gukura.Abaguzi ntibagomba guhangayikishwa cyane n'abacuruza ibikoresho birangira / gufunga no kubona serivisi nyuma yo kugurisha;Ibyago byumutekano.
Byongeye kandi, igihe cyo kugarura ibiciro byingufu zikomoka kumirasire yizuba ni kirekire, kandi bigomba gukomeza kwitabwaho.Bitabaye ibyo, niba hari impinduka, bizahinduka "kubyara imbaraga hamwe nurukundo."
Kurugero, muri 2015, Nijeriya, Afrika yakoresheje miliyari 16 zamadorali y’Amerika mu guteza imbere ingufu z’izuba, ariko amaherezo byarananiranye kubera ibibazo bya leta.Niyo mpamvu raporo ya grid ovate y'Ihuriro ry’inganda ku Isi yizera ko ingufu z’izuba zituruka ku mirasire y’izuba muri Afurika ari nziza ku isi, ariko iterambere ry’inganda ntirihagije.
Uburyo burambye kandi buteganijwe bwigihe kirekire ni urufunguzo rwo guhangana ninganda zikomoka ku zuba.
Icya gatatu: Iterambere ryimijyi ryemewe?
Usibye imiterere itoroshye y’ingufu zituruka ku mirasire y'izuba, amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba nayo agomba kuba hafi ya gride nkuru kugirango agabanye ishoramari mumirongo mishya.Mugihe kimwe, bigomba kuba hafi yikigo gishinzwe ingufu kugirango bigabanye igihombo cyamashanyarazi.
Ugereranije n’abakoresha icyaro bafite imitwaro mito kandi itatanye, iterambere ryumujyi ingufu zizuba murugo bisa nkubukungu.Kugeza ubu, igipimo cy’imijyi y’Ubushinwa kigeze kuri 56% mu mibare, bisa nkaho byazanye umwanya munini w’isoko, ariko twakagombye kumenya ko kubaka imijyi igezweho mu Burayi no muri Amerika, “bitera inganda mu mijyi”, icyarimwe. nko kwagura imijyi., Habayeho kandi ibibazo byinshi.Kurugero, kwibanda kwishoramari ryimari byatumye ibiciro byumutungo bihanitse.Agace k'umuturage utuye mu mijyi yo mu cyiciro cya mbere nka Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou na Shenzhen kiri munsi y’ikigereranyo cy’igihugu.Muri iki gihe, tugomba kubona metero kare 20-30 zizuba, zifunguye, Ni ubuhe bwoko bukeneye gushiraho imbaho zifotora hejuru yinzu?Ahantu nka Jiangsu, aho ubukungu bwateye imbere, amazu cyangwa villa ubusanzwe bishyirwa hejuru yinzu.Inzitizi z'umutungo ziragabanya urugero rwabakoresha.
Urundi rugero, iterambere ryihuse ryimijyi minini nini nini yo mubushinwa kera yasize inenge nyinshi mubikorwa remezo, umwanya rusange hamwe nibindi.Gushiraho imashanyarazi ya fotora mu karere mubisanzwe bizagira ingaruka kumyumvire yabaturage kandi bitera umwanda mwinshi.Biragoye kwiyumvisha ko umujyi uri kumuhanda ugana "mwiza" uzatera inkunga cyane wow wifoto yubururu.
Igice cyo hagati cyisoko kiragoye kwimuka.Birashoboka ko amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba atazashobora gukomeza?Ntabwo aribyo.Muri iki gihe, Ubushinwa bwashyizeho ingufu mu guteza imbere imijyi no kuvugurura icyaro bishobora kuzana amahirwe mashya mu nganda zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba.Isoko rya "spindle" ntirishobora kuba byanze bikunze kuzamuka mubushinwa bwo hagati, ariko birashobora no kuva kumurizo kugera hagati, sibyo?
Ahari, ahazaza h'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, kimwe n'inganda nyinshi, ziri mu cyaro kibisi n'Ubushinwa bushingiye ku bidukikije.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-24-2021