1. Afurika ifite 40% byingufu zizuba kwisi
Afurika bakunze kwita "Afrika ishyushye".Umugabane wose unyura muri ekwateri.Usibye uduce tw’imvura y’amashyamba maremare (amashyamba ya Gineya muri Afrika y’iburengerazuba ndetse n’ikibaya kinini cya Kongo), ubutayu n’ibice bya savannah nini nini ku isi.Ahantu h'igicu, hari iminsi myinshi yizuba kandi igihe cyizuba ni kirekire cyane.
Muri byo, akarere ka Sahara y'Iburasirazuba mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa Afurika karazwi cyane ku isi.Aka karere kaboneyeho igihe kinini cyizuba cyizuba cyizuba, hamwe namasaha agera kuri 4.300 yizuba kumwaka, bingana na 97% yigihe cyose izuba rimara.Byongeye kandi, akarere nako gafite impuzandengo yumwaka mwinshi wimirasire yizuba (agaciro ntarengwa kanditse karenze 220 kcal / cm²).
Umuvuduko muke nindi nyungu yo guteza imbere ingufu zizuba kumugabane wa Afrika: inyinshi murizo ziherereye mu turere dushyuha, aho ubukana nubushyuhe bwizuba biri hejuru cyane.Mu majyaruguru, mu majyepfo, no mu burasirazuba bwa Afurika, hari uduce twinshi twumutse kandi twinshi dufite izuba ryinshi, kandi hafi bibiri bya gatanu byumugabane ni ubutayu, bityo ikirere cyizuba hafi ya cyose kibaho.
Ihuriro ryibi bintu byimiterere nikirere nimpamvu ituma Afrika ifite ingufu zituruka kumirasire y'izuba.Umwanya muremure wumucyo utuma uyu mugabane udafite ibikorwa remezo binini bya gride kugirango ubashe gukoresha amashanyarazi.
Igihe abayobozi n'abashinzwe ibiganiro by’ikirere bahuriye muri COP26 mu ntangiriro z'Ugushyingo uyu mwaka, ikibazo cy'ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu muri Afurika cyabaye imwe mu ngingo z'ingenzi.Nkako, nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, Afrika ikungahaye ku mbaraga zituruka ku mirasire y'izuba.Kurenga 85% byumugabane wakiriye 2000 kWt / (㎡year).Ikigereranyo cy’ingufu zituruka ku mirasire y'izuba kigera kuri miliyoni 60 TWh / mwaka, kikaba kingana na 40% ku isi, ariko amashanyarazi akomoka ku mashanyarazi akarere kangana na 1% gusa ku isi.
Kubwibyo, kugirango tudasesagura ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire yizuba muri Afrika murubu buryo, ni ngombwa cyane gukurura ishoramari ryo hanze.Kugeza ubu, miliyari z'abikorera ku giti cyabo na Leta biteguye gushora imari mu zuba ndetse n'indi mishinga ishobora kongera ingufu muri Afurika.Guverinoma za Afurika zikwiye kugerageza ibishoboka byose kugira ngo zikureho inzitizi zimwe na zimwe, zishobora kuvugwa muri make nk'ibiciro by'amashanyarazi, politiki n'ifaranga.
2. Inzitizi ziterambere ryamafoto muri Afrika
Igiciro kinini
Amasosiyete yo muri Afurika yishyura amashanyarazi menshi ku isi.Kuva amasezerano y'i Paris yashyirwaho umukono mu myaka itandatu ishize, umugabane wa Afurika nicyo karere cyonyine aho umugabane w’ingufu zishobora kuvangwa n’ingufu zahagaze.Nk’uko ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ingufu (IEA) kibitangaza ngo umugabane w'amashanyarazi, izuba n'umuyaga mu kubyara amashanyarazi biracyari munsi ya 20%.Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibi byatumye Afurika irushaho gushingira ku masoko y’ingufu nk’amakara, gaze gasanzwe na mazutu kugira ngo amashanyarazi akure vuba.Nyamara, igiciro cyibi bicanwa giherutse kwikuba kabiri cyangwa gatatu, gitera ingufu muri Afrika.
Mu rwego rwo guhindura iyi nzira y’iterambere ridahungabana, intego ya Afurika igomba kuba inshuro eshatu gushora imari buri mwaka mu ngufu za karubone nkeya kugeza byibuze miliyari 60 US $ ku mwaka.Igice kinini cyishoramari kizakoreshwa mu gutera inkunga imishinga minini yingirakamaro.Ariko kandi ni ngombwa gushora imari mu buryo bwihuse bwo gukoresha amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba no kubika abikorera.Guverinoma za Afurika zigomba kwigira ku bunararibonye n’amasomo yo muri Afurika yepfo na Misiri kugira ngo byorohereze ibigo gushora imari mu musaruro w’izuba ukurikije ibyo bakeneye.
Inzitizi ya politiki
Kubwamahirwe, usibye Kenya, Nijeriya, Egiputa, Afrika yepfo, nibindi, abakoresha ingufu mubihugu byinshi bya Afrika birabujijwe kugura ingufu zituruka kumirasire y'izuba kubatanga ku giti cyabo muribibazo byavuzwe haruguru.Kubihugu byinshi bya Afrika, inzira yonyine yo gushora izuba hamwe nabashoramari bigenga ni ugusinya amasezerano cyangwa gukodesha amasezerano.Ariko, nkuko tubizi, ubwoko bwamasezerano umukoresha yishura ibikoresho ntabwo aribwo buryo bwiza ugereranije namasezerano akoreshwa cyane kwisi aho umukiriya yishyurira amashanyarazi.
Byongeye kandi, imbogamizi ya kabiri igenga politiki ibuza ishoramari ry’izuba muri Afurika ni ukubura ibipimo bifatika.Usibye Afurika y'Epfo, Misiri n'ibindi bihugu byinshi, ntibishoboka ko abakoresha ingufu za Afurika bakoresha amafaranga y'amashanyarazi arenze.Mu bice byinshi byisi, abakoresha ingufu barashobora kubyara amashanyarazi bashingiye kumasezerano yo gupima net yasinywe namasosiyete akwirakwiza amashanyarazi.Ibi bivuze ko mugihe mugihe ingufu zamashanyarazi zamashanyarazi zirenze izisabwa, nko mugihe cyo kubungabunga cyangwa kuruhuka, abakoresha ingufu barashobora "kugurisha" amashanyarazi arenze uruganda rukora amashanyarazi.Kubura net net bisobanura ko abakoresha ingufu bakeneye kwishyura amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba adakoreshwa, bigabanya cyane ubwiza bwishoramari ryizuba.
Inzitizi ya gatatu ibangamira ishoramari ryizuba ni inkunga ya leta kubiciro bya mazutu.Nubwo ibi bintu ari bike ugereranije na mbere, biracyafite ingaruka ku ishoramari ry’ingufu zituruka hanze.Kurugero, igiciro cya mazutu muri Egiputa na Nijeriya ni US $ 0.5-0,6 kuri litiro, ni hafi kimwe cya kabiri cyigiciro muri Amerika no mubushinwa, kandi kiri munsi ya kimwe cya gatatu cyibiciro i Burayi.Kubwibyo rero, mu gukuraho inkunga y’ibicanwa by’ibinyabuzima, leta irashobora kwemeza ko imishinga yizuba irushanwa rwose.Iki mubyukuri nikibazo cyubukungu bwigihugu.Kugabanya ubukene nitsinda ryabatishoboye mubaturage birashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye.
Issues Ibibazo by'amafaranga
Hanyuma, ifaranga naryo ni ikibazo gikomeye.Cyane cyane mugihe ibihugu bya Afrika bikeneye gukurura miriyari yamadorari yishoramari ryamahanga, ikibazo cyifaranga ntigishobora kwirengagizwa.Abashoramari b'abanyamahanga n'abayitwara muri rusange ntibashaka gufata ibyago by'ifaranga (badashaka gukoresha ifaranga ryaho).Mu masoko amwe y’ifaranga nka Nijeriya, Mozambique, na Zimbabwe, kubona amadorari y’Amerika bizabuzwa cyane.Mubyukuri, ibi birabuza byimazeyo ishoramari mumahanga.Kubwibyo, isoko ryifaranga ryuzuye hamwe na politiki ihamye kandi ikorera mu mucyo ni ngombwa mubihugu bifuza gukurura abashoramari b'izuba.
3. Ejo hazaza h’ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa muri Afrika
Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’ikigega mpuzamahanga cy’imari bubitangaza, biteganijwe ko abaturage ba Afurika baziyongera bava kuri miliyari 1 muri 2018 bakagera kuri miliyari 2 muri 2050. Ku rundi ruhande, amashanyarazi nayo aziyongera 3% buri mwaka.Ariko kuri ubu, isoko nyamukuru yingufu muri Afrika-amakara, peteroli na biomass gakondo (ibiti, amakara nifumbire yumye), bizangiza ibidukikije nubuzima.
Icyakora, hamwe n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga ry’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu, imiterere y’imiterere y’umugabane wa Afurika ubwayo, cyane cyane igabanuka ry’ibiciro, byose bitanga amahirwe menshi yo guteza imbere ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu muri Afurika mu bihe biri imbere.
Igishushanyo gikurikira kirerekana impinduka zuburyo butandukanye bwingufu zishobora kubaho.Impinduka zikomeye cyane ni igabanuka rikabije ry’ibiciro by’ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba, byagabanutseho 77% kuva mu mwaka wa 2010 kugeza 2018. Gutinda kw’ingufu zituruka ku mirasire y’izuba ni ku nkombe n’ingufu z’umuyaga wo ku nkombe, zagize igabanuka rikomeye ariko ridakabije.
Nubwo, nubwo ingufu z’umuyaga n’izuba zigenda ziyongera, ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu muri Afurika riracyari inyuma cyane ku isi yose: muri 2018, ingufu z’izuba n’umuyaga hamwe zingana na 3% by’amashanyarazi muri Afurika, mu gihe ahasigaye kwisi Ni 7%.
Birashobora kugaragara ko nubwo muri Afurika hari ibyumba byinshi byiterambere ry’ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu, harimo n’amashanyarazi, kubera ibiciro by’amashanyarazi menshi, inzitizi za politiki, ibibazo by’ifaranga n’izindi mpamvu, ingorane z’ishoramari zaratewe, kandi iterambere ryarwo rikaba riri kuri urwego rwo hasi.
Mu bihe biri imbere, ntabwo ari ingufu z'izuba gusa, ahubwo no mubindi bikorwa bigamije iterambere ry’ingufu zishobora kubaho, niba ibyo bibazo bidakemutse, Afurika izahora mu ruziga rukomeye rwo "gukoresha ingufu z’ibinyabuzima zihenze no kugwa mu bukene".
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-24-2021